FR_and_Indust

ID Terms for FR and Industrialization Test - Please complete a //maximum// of six ID terms for which you can receive up to three points of extra credit on the next test. Be sure that your IDs are thorough and explain WHAT the term is and WHY it is significant. If you can also include page references or hyperlinks, that'd be additionally helpful.

Remember to put your initials after the ID terms that you complete.

Andrew Carnegie-EE-(1835-1918). he was a self-made millionaire. immigrant form scotland. rose from a child laborer in a textile factory into a steel giant. through saving and investing. productivity was amazing. his workers produce more than 10 times as much per man as german counterparts.

Fully Industrialized Country-EE- a country having industry evenly scattered throughout its territory. Belgium is the only country in Europe to fully industrialize.

Guano-EE- Bird Dung of Peru which was rich in nitrogen: mountains of excrement on islands of f the Pacific coast where huge flocks of birds fed off the abundant fish. The normally rainless climate preserved the nitrogen from being washed away. Depleted by over exploitation. Considered a curse.

Sans-Cullotes-EE- was a term created 1790 - 1792 by the French to describe the poorer members of the Third Estate, according to the dominant theory because they usually wore pantaloons instead of the fashionable knee-length pants. They had a major influence on the reign of terror.

Ashio Copper Mine-EE- in 1890s scandalous symbol of the cost of industrialization costs were rabid expansion, deforestation, flooded villages, and the poisoning of down stream waters.

Bastille-EE-The Bastille was a fortress-prison in Paris. the storming of the bastille occurred on 14 July 1789, which along with the Tennis Court Oath is considered the beginning of the French Revolution.


 * Railways** – AL – Railways were invented by George Stephenson and helped transport goods “across what would otherwise be uneconomic distances” (Armesto 778). In Britain, a little before 1830, people started building railways. The Americans started to build railways soon after the British, and by 1840 there were more railways in America than in Britain. The Americans continued to build railways and the first cross-country railway was opened in 1869. Railways continued to be used to transport items across long distances; therefore, by 1900, there were almost 170 thousand miles of railways in America. (Armesto 786)


 * The Homestead Act** – AL – The Homestead Act was created in 1862 and it “made land in the West available to anyone – almost exclusively white people” (Armesto 778). This land was offered at very low prices. This Act added 500 million acres to the farmland of America.


 * Canning** – AL – Canning began in the early 1800s when European armies were in need of large amounts of food that would not go bad quickly. By the mid 1800s, almost any kind of food could be canned. Canning “made it possible to transport unprecedented quantities of easily perishable food in bulk over long distances” (Armesto 780).


 * Refrigeration and Compressed-Gas Cooler** – AL – Refrigeration allowed foods that would otherwise go bad in a short period of time to be transported across a country or across an ocean. (Armesto 778) In the 1870s, the compressed-gas cooler was created by Australians. The compressed-gas cooler took the idea of refrigeration and expanded upon it, making it so that “food no longer had to be produced near to where it was eaten” (Armesto 780).


 * Fossil Fuels** – AL – Fossil fuels, especially petroleum, coal, and oil, were the sources of fuel for industrialization. Since fossil fuels are “a form of concentrated energy,” a small amount of them creates the same amount of energy than a lot of wood (Armesto 783). By the use of fossil fuels, land was freed and able to be used for farming because coal was extracted from the ground.


 * Pollution (Air and Water)** – AL – The air was polluted during the time of industrialization because when the fossil fuels were burned, their smoke was released into the air. Dysentery, an “urban plague,” polluted the water because people used the water as a restroom; therefore, the water was contaminated (Armesto 773).


 * Coal**- DD - Coal was the main power source of the early industrial revolution that provided the heat necessary to produce steam power used in factories, steamships, and other engines. The production of coal liberated land for farming earlier used to produce wood and provided energy for forms of power (Armesto 783).


 * Reasons For Industrialization**- DD - Although population growth world-wide provided larger numbers for the work force, places with smaller numbers such as Europe and Japan were driven towards industrialization. Also, since industrialization was a function of demand, there were new resources unlocked from the soil, expansion of financial institutions, and growth in money supply of governments, demand for industrialization rose. Industrialization also created other job opportunities in other areas. Finally, humans look towards the long term (Change to farming) instead of their short term benefits as a society. Even though it took a lot of money to begin, industrialization created new opportunities for mankind.


 * The Estates**- DD - The Estates describe the French hierarchy, with the first class being the clergy, second being the nobles, and the third being the bourgeoisie and peasants. It is important to note that the higher two classes owned thirty percent of the land but only made up 2 percent of the population. This shows the imbalance of power that led to the French Revolution.


 * Trajectory of French Revolution**- DD - The French Revolution takes place in four parts. The liberal revolution took place from 89 to 92, the radical revolution took place from 92 to 94, the Thermidorian reaction took place from 94 to 99, and the Napoleonic era took place from 99 to 15. These phases mark the different class-ideologies with the popular-in-power opinion who rise to power in these periods.

irectory.
 * The Directory-**BA: The Directory was France's executive power between 1795 and 1799. After the National Convention drew up a new constitution the Directory was later set up consisting of 5 directors. In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte was successful in overthrowing the Directory.


 * Bourgeoisie-**BA**:** The educated upper-middle class workers who like the peasants and urban workers were heavily taxed by the government. Their displeasure was voiced and later the third estate would follow. They held jobs from bankers to merchants and artisans and some held land with the capital they made. The Bourgeoisie were also well aware of the philosophies and thinkers of the Enlightenment.


 * Napoleon Bonaparte-**BA: Napoleon was born in Ajaccio, Corsica, in 1769. He attended a french military school. Napoleon supported the French Revolution and the ideas of the lower and middle class. He was given command of the italian campaign in 1796, and in 1978 he invaded Egypt. Napoleon had himself named first Consul for Life in 1802 then Emperor in 1804. After Napoleon failed to fully capture Russia in 1812, he was forced into exile on the island of Elba. He lost the battle at Waterloo and died in 1821 on the island of St. Helena.


 * The Estates General**-BA: France was in a large financial crisis due to the involvement in the Seven Years War and the American Revolution. King Louis XVI called on the Estates General in 1789 to help resolve the debt made by overspending and heavy taxation on the Bourgeoisie and peasants. The Estates General consisted of people from each of the three Estates representing their own estates in the meeting.


 * Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen-**BA: The `Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen was drawn up by French revolutionaries in August 1789. The purpose of the declaration was to stop the institutions hereditary monarcfhy and establish new ones based on the principles and ideas of the Enlightenment. This is evident because the ideas were taken from Anglo-American traditions of legal and constitutional guarantees of individual liberties, and that reason should guide human affairs.


 * Committee of Public Safety**-BA: The Committee of Public Safety was created by the National Convention in 1793. It was created during the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794. There were twelve members that served on the committee, and it was their job to supervise executions at the guillotene. Thousands were executed under the supervision of the Committee of Public Safety many because of disagreements with the monarchy.


 * Oath of the Tennis Court**-AH: The Oath of the Tennis Court was when the Third Estate members of the Estates General declared themselves the National Assembly. Although King Louis XVI locked them out of their meeting hall, they met on a tennis court and vowed not to disband until they had a new constitution for France. It took place in May 1789.


 * Maximilien Robespierre**-AH: Robespierre was a Jacobin who was powerful in the National Convention. He was largely responsible for the Reign of Terror until he was executed in July 1794.


 * James Watt**-AH: Watt was the inventor of the steam engine. The steam engine was an integral part of the Industrial Revolution as it enabled factories to power their plants through the burning of fossil fuels.


 * Japanese Industrialization**-AH: The Japanese method of industrialization was similar to the Western model in several important ways. As opposed to Western industrialization which was financed by private individuals, Japanese industrialization was heavily sponsored by the government. Also, unlike the profit-driven industrialization of the West, in Japan industrialization was usually undertaken in order to serve one's country or community.


 * Self-strengthening**-AH: A Chinese policy that was started in 1861 in response to increased Western involvement in China. It focused on emulating Western technology so that eventually, the Chinese could catch up to and later surpass the West.


 * Mehmet Ali**-AH: ruler of Egypt from 1805 to his death in 1849. He focused on industrializing Egypt and built cotton mills, munitions factories, steelworks, shipyards, and printing presses in Egypt.