Ch7

__Persian and Hellenistic Empires__: Chronology- AB 1000 B.C.E. Life of Zoroaster 640 B.C.E. Medes conquer Persians 550-530 B.C.E Cyrus II is king 547-546 B.C.E. Persians conquer Lydia 530-522 B.C.E. Cambyses II is king 525-523 B.C.E Persians conquer Egypt 521-486 B.C.E. Darius I is king 518 B.C.E. Persians conquer Indus Valley 499 B.C.E Greeks rebel against Persians 499-479 B.C.E. Greco-Persian Wars 486-465 B.C.E. Xerxes is king 404 B.C.E. Egypt independence from Persia 359-336 B.C.E. King Philip rules Macedonia 338 B.C.E. King Philip conquers Greece 336-323 B.C.E. Alexander the Great rules Hellenistic Empire 334 B.C.E. Alexander the Great conquers Persian Empire 332 B.C.E. Hellenists invade Egypt 330 B.C.E. Hellenists occupy Persia 327-325 B.C.E. Hellenists invade India

__Cyrus II, "Cyrus the Great"__-Built the Persian Empire in one decade, including land stretching from the Agean to Central Asia. __Cambyses__-Son of Cyrus, he established a good relationship with the Egyptians by presenting himself as a new Egyptian ruler opposed to a foreign conqueror. __Darius__-Distant Cousin of Cambyses, he continued conquering both to the East and West, believing that he was powerful enough to eliminate "bad people" and bad things from happening within his land. He helped fashion the Egyptian Law, strenghtened ties with other empires through architecture, participated in large conquests, and tried to glorify the Persians. __Xerxes__-Son of Darius, he tried to conquer the Greeks again. He eventually was defeated in the second Greco-Persian war. __Zarathustra, "Zoraster"__-Promoted Zorastrianism, Persia's state religion. __King Philip II__-Developed a paid professional army and conquered the Greek cities by defeating the combined army of Thebes and Athens in 338 B.C.E. __Alexander, "Alexander the Great"__-Son of King Philip II, he employed ruthless tactics and in a span of thirteen years conquered everything from central Mediterranean to the Hindu Kush Mountains. He treated himself like a god who was a mediator for the entire world. His thirteen years of rule established the Hellenistic way of life, as well as the empire itself. __Ptolemy__-Began a dynasty after Alexander's death that controlled Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean coast. __Family of Sleucus__-Controlled Persia, Mesopotamia, and Syria. __Antigonus__-Him and his followers controlled the Macedonean kingdom and northern Greece. __Euclid, Herophilus, Aristarchus, Eratosthenes, and Archimedes__-Not significant to the empire itself, but these Hellenistc thinkers discovered many important concepts that paved the way for future thinkers to improve and validate. __Diogenes__-Made Cynicism famous __Zeno__-Founded Stoicism

__Roman Empire__: media type="custom" key="4708455" (EMILY) Chronology (Allison)


 * 800 BC || Rome is founded (local monarchy) ||
 * 509 BC || Monarchy ends--start of republic ||
 * 450 BC || Twelve Tables (law code) develped ||
 * 264-146 BC || Punic Wars ||
 * 45 BC || Julius Caesar becomes emperor--end of republic ||
 * 27 BC || Augustus Caesar takes the throne ||
 * 180 AD || Rome begins to decline ||
 * 284-305 AD || Rule of Diocletian ||
 * 312-337 AD || Rule of Constantine ||
 * 313 AD || Constantine converts to Christianity ||
 * 476 AD || Last Roman emperor in the west displaced ||

Rome Key Terms (Shelby)


 * Roman Republic**: started as a local monarchy in central Italy around 800 B.C.E. Roman aristocrats drove out the monarchy around 509 B.C.E. and established more political institutions.
 * Polis**: meaning politics in Greek. Political interests were part of everyday life in Rome.
 * Direct** **Democracy**: not rued by elected representatives.
 * Senate**: members held virtually al executive offices in the Roman state.
 * Consuls**: shared primary executive power with the Senate.
 * Commercial** **Farming**: farming for a profit

Key People (Shelby)

S**toics**: emphasized an inner moral independence, to be cultivated by strict discipline of the body and by personal bravery.
 * Julius Caesar**: a general in the civil wars, which led to the end of the traditional institutions of the Roman state.
 * Augustus Caesar**: Julius’ grandnephew, seized power in 27 B.C.E., and established the basic structures of the Roman Empire.
 * Aristotle**: a philosopher, stressed the importance d moderation and balance in human behavior as opposed to the instability of much political life and the excesses of the gods themselves.
 * Socrates**: encouraged his pupils to question conventional wisdom, on the grounds that the chief human duty was “the improvement of the soul”.
 * Plato**: accentuated the positive somewhat more strongly by suggesting that human reason could approach an understanding off the three perfect forms- the True, Good, and Beautiful- which he believed characterized nature.
 * Sophocles**: an Athenian dramatist.

__Mauryan Empire__: media type="custom" key="4709307" ID terms
 * Mauryan Empire**: First imperial Indian state, founded by Chandragupta Maurya. It lasted from 322 to 185 B.C.E.


 * Chandragupta Maurya**: From the delta region he founded the Mauryan Empire, but went on to be a monarch of half the subcontinent from 324-301 B.C.E. Chandragupta supervised government officials, presided over court sessions, and settled disputes.


 * Kautilya**: Chandragupta’s chief advisor, made a draft on how to maintain political centralization. In the manual it stated six forms of state policy as “peace, war, neutrality, marching, alliance, and making peace with one and waging war with another”(181).


 * King Ashoka**: who was Chandragupta’s grandson, ruled from 269-232 B.C.E., and during his reign he relied on his army to expand the empire. However, Ashoka became a devout Buddhist, and changed his violent ways into pacifism. Ashoka cared for his people and the land providing hospitals as well as parks. Ashoka didn’t push the Buddhist faith on all of his followers, allowing other faiths to be practiced.


 * Caste**: Social rank is inherited. **Theravada**: "Teachings of the Elders"

Key dates: 322 BCE Chandragupta founded Mauryan Empire

305 BCE Chandragupta concluded a treaty with an heir of Alexander forming a mutual border along the Hindu Kush Mts.

Ashoka came into power 269 B.C.E.

Mauryan empire ends in the 2nd century B.C.E. Central Asians migrate into northwest India in 50 B.C.E. Kushans conquere much of northwest India and western parts of the Ganges Basin 6th century first Sri Lankan kingdom founded by a prince and his followers. 80 C.E. Greek handbook for merchants.

Mauryan Chronology- Thanasis

326-324 B.C.E.- Alexander reaches the Indus River, then leaves, creating a power vacuum 324 B.C.E.- Chandragupta fills the power vacuum left by Alexander, beginning of the Mauryan Empire 324-301 B.C.E.- Reign of Chandragupta 305 B.C.E.- Chadragupta concludes a treaty with Alexander's heir that establishes the mutual border of their empires at the Hindu Kush Mountains 269-232 B.C.E.- Reign of Ashoka, golden age of the Mauryan Empire 257 B.C.E.- Ashoka converts to Buddhism 200-150 B.C.E.- Division of Buddhism into the Theravada and Mahayana schools 188 B.C.E.- Collapse of the Mauryan Empire

__Qin/Han Empire__:



__**Chronology**__ - AL
 * **Date** || **Event** ||
 * 221 B.C.E. || Multistate empire of Zhou was replaced by a centralized empire. ||
 * 221 B.C.E. – 206 B.C.E. || Qin Dynasty ||
 * 221 B.C.E. – 210 B.C.E. || Shi Huangdi ruled. ||
 * 200 B.C.E. – 200 C.E. || Temperature was unusually warm. ||
 * 207 B.C.E. || Shi Huangdi’s son was overthrown. ||
 * 206 B.C.E. – 220 C.E. || Han Empire ||
 * 200s B.C.E. || Huns/Xiongnu were a threat to China. ||
 * 141 B.C.E. – 87 B.C.E. || Wu Di ruled. ||
 * 141 B.C.E. || Confucianism became state ideology. ||

__**Key Figures**__ - AL
 * ** Date ** || ** Event ** ||
 * 127-120 B.C.E. || General Wei Qing made successful operations against the Huns/Xiongnu ||
 * 2 C.E. || Population of Han Empire was over 60 million people. ||
 * 97 C.E. || General Gan Ying traveled to the Persian Gulf and reported of the geography. ||
 * 100s C.E. || Millions were killed by epidemics and tax revenues were reduced. ||
 * 100 C.E. || Cause of lunar eclipses explained by Zhang Heng. ||
 * 190 C.E. || The abacus was invented. ||

 **Li Shi** – Li Shi was the prime minister of the Qin dynasty who was a strong believer in Legalist ideas and believed that Confucianism needed to be ended.  **Shi Huangdi** - Shi Huangdi was the first ruler of the Qin dynasty who was very private and secretive. He looked for something to make him immortal. He felt that the government should be a unified state and should control everything. As a product of his ruling, roads, bridges, dams, and canals were built. He chose a standard language and created a postal system. Also, part of the Great Wall was built. After Shi Huangdi dies, he was buried with 7,000 life-size warriors and horses made of terracotta.  **Liu Bang** – Liu Bang was a radical leader after Shi Huangdi. He was a strong believer in Legalism and executed many of his allies.  **Wu Di** – Wu Di ruled the Han Empire for over fifty years. He believed in a strong army, like many other rulers. As a result of having a strong army, Wu Di conquered southwest China. He also rejected Legalism and made Confucianism the main ideology.  **Ban Zhao** - Ban Zhao was a famous, female scholar in the Han Empire. She was a historian, astronomer, and mathematician. She added to Confucianism that women should be obedient and devoted.  **Liu Xiang** – Liu Xiang was a scholar in the Han Empire. Liu wrote that women could be both selfless and brave individuals.