Post-Roman

ID Terms – 242-243, 251-252, 283-285, and 288-289

 * Theodoric--Theodoric was a Germanic ruler from 493 to 526 AD. He was the king of the Ostrogoths. His rule was typical of the time in that it combined Germanic elements with Roman ones. For example, his tomb has elements of both Germanic and Roman culture. One of his advisors, Boethius, was a former Roman senator and placed great emphasis on Rome and the Roman way of doing things. (Allison Hunt)
 * Byzantine Empire
 * Justinian--Justinian was the ruler of the Byzantine Empire from 527 to 565 AD. He was the last emperor who tried to expand and reclaim the Western lands that used to be part of the Roman Empire as well as defending the Byzantine Empire. The son of a peasant who became the ruler, Justinian was used to ignoring the aristocracy and doing what he thought was best, such as when he married Theodora, an actress, and made her his empress. The Hagia Sophia was built during his reign. (Allison Hunt)
 * Theodora: was the wife of the Roman Emperor Justinian. -Shelby Roberts
 * Hagia Sophia- pg. 252 The Hagia Sophia was the biggest church of its time in the world. Its name means “Holy Wisdom” and was built by Justinian in Constantinople. Justinian rebuilt the dome to a larger scale after it collapsed 20 years after the church was completed. Amy Barrett
 * Constantinian Model--The Constantinian Model was a method of converting populations to Christianity. As the name implies, the Constantinian Model relied on converting the leader of a group of people to Christiany, which would often lead to the people that the leader ruled over converting to Christianity. The most notable example of this is Constantine in Rome, which is why this model is called the Constantinian Model. This method was used by Christians, in contrast to the method used by Muslims, who relied more on spreading Islam by merchants and policies such as tax codes that favored Muslims. (Allison Hunt)
 * Clovis: the Frankish cheif who took over most of Gaul in the 480s. He gave up his claim that he was a decent of a sea god when he converted to Christianity for the advantage of allegiance to a god who could deliver victory and equip him with administrators who could read and write.- Shelby Roberts
 * Vladimir: ruler of Kiev in 987-988. In 988, he adopts Orthodox Christianity. - Shelby Roberts
 * Rus
 * Pope Gregory the Great- Organized the defense of Rome against the Lombards, launched missions of spiritual reconquest to parts of western Europe. THOMASS
 * Benedict of Nursia

ID Terms – 252-258 and 270-272

 * Lombards - group that invaded Italy, in 586, after the barbarian invasions, and were able to gather the spoils of Justinian’s wars. (Kevin Murphy)
 * King Agilulf
 * Arabs – nomadic, arabic-speaking peoples of central Arabia, who lived along trade routes next to roman communities, and kingdoms along the sea. They were brought out of a chaotic period by the prophet Muhammad. (Kevin Murphy)
 * Muhammad- pg. 253, 257 Muhammad borrowed many Jewish concepts such as monotheism from going to Arab merchant centers. He also used Christian and pagan concepts. Muhammad’s followers considered themselves Jews and therefore descendants of Abraham. They felt they could know God’s truth because Muhammad claimed to be taught by God. He attempted to make behavioral rules that dealt with every aspect of life. He united the Arabs. Amy Barrett
 * Quran--The Quran (also spelled Koran) iis the holy book of Islam, analogous to the Christain Bible or Jewish Torah. It is comprised of Muhammad's teachings, which Muhammad claimed to have recieved from God. (Allison Hunt)
 * Parthians – Iranian dynasty who came to power after the death of Alexander the Great. Settled in the western regions of their empire and Mesopotamia. (Kevin Murphy)
 * Sasanians - succeeded the Parthians as Persia’s ruling dynasty in 226. Built in the heartlands, highlands of Fars, and in the Zagros mountains. (Kevin Murphy)
 * Sharia - literally means “the camels way to water.” Served as a religious discipline and law code for the state. Muhammad did not leave behind a comprehensive code, so schools of jurisprudence inferred from Muhammad’s teachings, and they added insights to his laws and formed the Sharia. (Kevin Murphy)
 * Caliph--The caliph is the political and social leader of all Muslims. There is currently no caliph, but in the 600s and 700s, the question of who would be caliph was one that sparked much controversy and is one of the main differences between Sunni and Shiite Muslims. The Sunnis believe that the caliph can be any Muslim, while the Shiites belive that the caliph must be a descendent of Muhammad. (Allison Hunt)
 * Shia - There was an argument over who was the caliph after Muhammad’s death, and as a result there was a split in Islam. One of these major divisions was the shia who believed the caliph to be Muhammad’s nephew and his heirs. (Kevin Murphy)
 * Sunni
 * Jihad- pg. 270, 272 Jihad means “striving.” According to Muhammad, those who participate in the “holy war” obey his orders and receive benefits in an afterlife. Muhammad used the term to mean not only an internal battle for Muslims but also a literal war against nonbelievers of Islam. Amy Barrett


 * Mahmud of Ghazni-the self-appointed guardian of Islam who led 17 raids into India. He had control of the Afghanistan region. Page 375. Emily Englander
 * Seljuk: a Turkic chief. Became Muslim. Helped change the "Seljuk Experience".- Shelby Roberts
 * Konya- Former Seljuk Capital now in ruins which reveals the change from pastoralism to urban habits THOMASS
 * al-Andalus-Islamic kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula. It was a sprawling state, with a structure that was hard to hold together. The frontiers of the area were hard to defend. The wealth of the area made it viable. There was a huge agricultural surplus. Page 381. Emily Englander.
 * Almanzor
 * “caliphate”
 * Almoravids
 * Sanhaja
 * Zaynab al-Nafzawiya
 * Almohads
 * Abu Bakr al-Lamtumi- Was one of the most celebrated of Almoravid generals. He abandoned the embraces of Zayanab to go to war with the black pagans. Focused on the kingdom of Sonike. Page 383. Emily Englander
 * Ghana
 * Soninke

ID Terms – 358-366

 * Pope Urban II- pg. 358,259 Pope Urban II stated in 1095 that of the three main parts of the world at the time (Asia, Africa, and Europe), Christians were only part of a small portion of Europe while Muslims controlled Africa and Asia. He encouraged Christians to fight against the Muslims because of the unequal distribution of power and also because Muslims were ruling lands that were originally Christian. Amy Barrett
 * Otto I- pg. 359 Otto I considered himself a “Roman emperor” and attempted to restore the former Roman empire. His kingdom controlled all of Christendom and his court was in Magdeburg in North Germany. As a self-proclaimed emperor, Otto I felt his job was to protect his country and conquer land. Amy Barrett
 * Otto III- pg. 359 Otto III was the grandson of Otto I. Otto III thought he would control Germany, Gaul, and Slav territory because of his Gospel book, which showed him on a grand throne with a personified version of Rome leading those who came to pay tribute. Amy Barrett
 * Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis
 * The Cistercians
 * improvement in technology/engineering
 * Hanseatic League- When new economic activity became possible in growing towns The Hanseatic League was formed. In 1356-14thc. it was a powerful network of allied ports along the North sea and Baltic coasts. It helped to promote trade and collaboration between the allied ports. Page 363. Emily Englander
 * urbanization
 * commune/citizen body- it was an institution of civic government in most cities in the late 11th and early 12th c. they were perhaps "memories" of Rome. Emily Englander
 * Otto of Freising
 * // kremlin //

ID Terms – 366-369 and 377-381

 * heresy-
 * Gregorian Reform- Reform of clerical behavior and lay people brought about by Pope Gregory VII to attempt to take away control of political system on the religion THOMASS
 * Pope Gregory VII- (reign: 1073-1085) demanded new and exacting standards both of clerical behavior and of lay awareness of the faith, and challenged kings and noblemen for control over appointments in the church THOMASS
 * “codes of **chivalry**“: emphasized religious vows to chastity, poverty, and obedience. Also, generosity against greed, self-control against anger, and loyalty against lies and lust.- Shelby Roberts
 * Geoffrey of Monmouth
 * Abelard- (1079-1142) the most renowned teacher of the era in Paris, gave audiences the impression that there was nothing logic could not do. Wrote sic et non THOMASS
 * Anselm – Archbishop of Canterbury
 * Walcher of Malvern
 * Adelard of Bath
 * Crusades
 * Crusaders
 * Fatimid caliphate
 * Pope Urban II- (reign:1088-1099) orchestrated a relatively well-planned military expedition. (i.e. the the crusade). He ordered all able bodied Christians to take up the sword to fight under one symbol, the cross. THOMASS
 * Levant
 * Zangi: a Turkish chief who dubbed himself "pillar of the faith". He lost patience with the Middle East. He began to reconquer lands lost to the crusaders. -Shelby Roberts
 * //jihad- means striving. used in two contexts by Muhammad, one the fight against the inner struggle of evil, and also to denote war. the appropriate translation would be holy war. IT is an enterprise sanctified by obedience to what are thought to be the Prophet's commands and rewarded by martyrdom. Page 271-272. Emily Englander//
 * Saladin--Saladin was a Kurdish military leader of the Muslims in the Second Crusade. He overthrew the Zangid Empire before this in 1170 AD and also defeated most of the crusader kingdoms in the Levant, overthrowing Jerusalem in 1187. He was instrumental in making Sunni Islam dominant over Shiite Islam, as it remains today. (Allison Hunt)
 * Zangid Empire
 * Sunni
 * Shiite

__Geography Questions__:
 * Notes from class on 12/01/09**
 * 1) Region that was home to pastoral, often bellicose, Turkic people who invaded and challenged the Islamic Empire. (Asian Steppeland)
 * 2) Capital city of the Seljuk Turks. (Konya)
 * 3) What two rivers protected the Iberian Islamic kingdoms from Christian invasions. (Tagus, Duero)
 * 4) Name for the Islamic kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula. (Al-Andalus)
 * 5) Capital city of the Sunni Caliphate. (Baghdad)
 * 6) Region controlled by Mahmud of Ghazni. (Afghanistan)
 * 7) Region conquested by Almoravids in West Africa that was rich in gold. (Ghana/Kingdom Soninke)

__FIB ID Questions - Individuals__:
 * 1) Name of the self-appointed guardian of Islam who led 17 raids into India; based in modern day Afghanistan? (Mahmud of Ghazni)
 * 2) Individual who encouraged Turkic conversions to Islam and constructed a capital at Konya? (Seljuk)
 * 3) Strong army general who assisted Islamic kingdom in Spain during the 10th century. (Almanzor)
 * 4) Female leader who dominated Almoravid politics and nominated generals; allegedly spoke with spirits. (Zaynab al-Nafzawiya)

__FIB ID Questions - Groups__:
 * 1) Almoravids
 * 2) Sanhaja
 * 3) Seljuk Turks
 * 4) Almohads
 * 5) Kingdom of Soninke

__Extra Credit - ID Terms - AL__

__**Hagia Sophia**__ - The Hagia Sophia, the world’s largest church, located in Constantinople, was constructed by Justinian during his rule from 527-565. This large church symbolizes Justinian’s vast amount of power, especially when it collapsed and he rebuilt it. **__The Cistercians__ - The Cistercians were a monastic order during the 12th century. They followed the bible and tried to created simplicity be felling trees and forests. They had a sense of urgency in their doings and ultimately drove people away from their lands. The Cistercian doings were followed by peasants, ultimately driving even more settlers away. ** // __**chivalry**__ - Chivalry existed among the Aristocrats because of the high expenses. Chivalry was a way to provide a sense of religion in the midst of warfare and secular life. The people who exhibited chivalry were self-controlled, loyal, and honorable. Chivalry was a way to make something like warfare seem less severe while still exhibiting favorable values. //
 * __Theodora__ - Theodora, the wife of Justinian (Emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 527-565), was a actress and prostitute when Justinian asked her to be his empress. She was an intellectual woman who was able to come to the rescue when a situation needed it and she was able to act on most every policy. **
 * __Zaynab al-Nafzawiya__ - Zaynab al-Nafzawiya was a female leader who was able to dominated Almoravid politics. It was suggested that she spoke to spirits and was a witch. For a female to have such a position of authority, it shows that the Almoravids did not think males were superior the females. **
 * //__kremlin__ - The kremlin was a type of wall, in Russia, that surrounded the cities of Novgorod and Pskov. The wall was built in the 1040s when there was a famine outbreak. It showed the progression of Russia during hard times. //**