Ch.16


 * AB** Toyotomi Hideyoshi- pg. 538 Toyotomi Hideyoshi took over Japan when it's civil war ended in 1585. The warlord wrote to the leaders of the Philippines and southeast Asia his intentions to crush China "like an egg." His writings might seem unusual, but the civil war had made the Japanese warriors in need of jobs and artillery. Hideyoshi said the gods chose him to control the world and pictured Korean and Chinese people learning customs of the Japanese. He also envisioned Japanese nobles controlling portions of China.


 * AB** Turtle ships- pg. 538 When Hideyoshi attempted to take over Korea in 1592, the Korean navy used its technology developed from multiple encounters with pirates. The technology called turtle ships contained supported hills and cannon. The Korean army, which originally appeared vulnerable because it had not been in war for 200 years, stopped Japan's attack by cutting off the Japanese army's supplies through this technology and help from Chinese ships.


 * AB** Jan Con- pgs. 540-541 Jan Con was a Chinese immigrant who came to Holland in the 1620s to farm coconuts and collect taxes for gambling. He also hired people from Fujian in South China to be laborers for canals and fortifications. These jobs made Jan Con one of the two entrepreneurs who helped establish the economy of and obtain settlers for Holland. After establishing a sugar plantation, salt pans and a lead coin mint, he went broke and died in 1639.


 * AB** Gujarat- pg. 541-542 Gujaratis were the largest bank and commerce operators in the Arabian Sea. The Gujarit were "the most important single source of long- range commercial enterprise" and their power made Europeans fear the Gujaritis' position in markets. For example, Europeans from the Dutch East India Company sold nutmeg, clove and mace to a broker from the Gujararit for half the normal cost because Muhammad Sahid, a Gujariti, tried to take hold of the market.


 * AB** Treaty of Nerchinsk- pg. 548 The Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689 gave the Chinese control of lands in northeast Asia which had not yet been explored. Although the stretch of land was too large to settle much of China's population in, it demonstrated the land empire's intensive imperialism, where China spread its culture among the lands it populated in addition to trading.


 * AB** Babur- pg. 549 Babur ventured from Central Asia to bring back the empire of his ancestor Timur in Samarkand. After he gained and then lost control of the city twice, he began to try to conquer India. In 1526, seven years after his starting trying to conquer India, he took control of Delhi from the northern end of India and made the city his capital. His country was unstable until his grandsom Akbar took over.


 * monsoons** (Audrey) – pg. 534 – Monsoons are seasonal winds that “blow toward land in the summer – sucked landward by warming air, rising over large land masses. In winter, the direction of the wind is reversed.” Many planned their travel around these winds because it made their trip quicker and it helped with navigation.


 * fixed wind systems** (Audrey) – pg. 534 – Fixed wind systems were apparent in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. They spontaneously shift, creating a risk of getting lost or never returning home. Because of their inconsistency, many chose to travel when the monsoons were blowing in their favor, rather than traveling in the fixed wind systems.


 * stranger effect** (Audrey) – pg. 557 – The stranger effect is “the tendency some peoples have to esteem and defer to strangers, whose usefulness as arbitrators of disputes, dispensers of justice, and preservers of peace, arises from the objectivity that their foreign origins confer.” More simply, the Native Americans were hospitable to the Europeans because the Europeans came in peacefully and were helpful in a non-violent way.


 * Native American genocide** (Audrey) – pg. 558 – In British America, many thought that Native Americans were just a nuisance and not needed if they were not helping significantly with trade. Therefore, in 1637, a genocide attempt to “exterminate an entire Native American people” killed half of the Native American people. Also, in 1675, Nathaniel Bacon “launched war in Virginia…with the explicit aim of destroying all Native Americans, friendly and hostile alike.”


 * country trades** (Audrey) – pg. 560 – Country trades were “Native American trading communities…which involved local or regional exchanges that never touched Europe.” This trade existed before the colonization of Native American communities. When European merchants joined, the range of country trading was expanded and its volume of traffic increased.


 * Treasure Fleets** (Audrey) – pg. 561-562 – “Treasure Fleets” were a system of convoys which “linked Spain to America and injected Europe’s cash-starved economies with veins of gold and silver.” Through these convoys, slaves were traded and European merchants were linked to Spanish colonies and the Americas were linked to Africa. Also, the Treasure Fleets, through the route of the Manila Galleon, “facilitated the direct exchange of Mexican silver for Chinese silk and porcelain.


 * Joint Stock Company(**BA) -pg.543- A business whose capital is held in transferable shares of stock by its joint owners. The Dutch East India Compay was the first company founded, in 1602. "Merchants in the port of Amsterdam, who controlled government in the province of Holland", developed a joint-stock company in order to exploit the trade in Asia.


 * Imperialism**(BA)-pg. 532- Imperialism is the policy of extending a nation's authority and influence by conquest or by establishing economic and political hegemony over other nations. The Dutch, Portuguese, French, English, and Spanish all had an imperialistic ideology, in order to gain resources they didn't already have.


 * Hernan Cortes**(BA)-pg. 554- Hernan Cortes(1485-1547) was the "adventurer who led the band that conquered Mexico, used campaigns based on terror and massacre to maintain power.


 * Captain John Smith**(BA)-pg.556- John Smith(1580-1631) was a leader in early Virginia, and captivated the natives with exaggerated stories about the stars. John Smith, like Cortes, also used "terror and massacre as a way to keep natives cowed, and trying to exploit a special relationship with the natives' diminant chieftain to rule through him. John Smitha also used Columbus who also used methods of storytelling and benevolence to win over the natives.


 * Nathaniel Bacon**(BA)-pg.558- Nathaniel Bacon was responsible for the extermination of many Native Americans in 1675, due to the war he launched in Virginia. During this time there was a "period of increasing tension-which also provoked violent clashes in areas of Spanish settlement in Florida and New Mexico."


 * King Philip's War**(BA)-pg.558-560- King Philip's war took place in New England in 1676. It was "launched by a Native American chief, who managed to put otgether an uncharacteristically big Indian coalition to stem white expansion." This method helped slow down the speed at which Native Americans were being killed, and killed off a few white settlers as well. However, some natives decided to fight alongside the settlers, and gave control back to the white settlers.


 * Economic Refugee**(AH)-pg. 541-An "[escapee] from poverty and contempt at home." Someone who moves to another country because of an unfavorable economic situation.


 * Russian Empire**(AH)-pg. 546-548-An empire encompassing essentially the same territory of Russia today. They traded heavily in furs that they got from Siberia, which they conquered in 1570.


 * Doña Marina**(AH)-pg. 556-557-A native American interpreter for the Spanish who spoke both Spanish and the native language of Mexico. She helped the Spanish negociate with various tribes.


 * Suleiman**(AH)-pg. 552-An emperor of the Ottoman Empire who ruled from 1520-1566. During his reign, the Ottoman Empire expanded rapidly to cover almost all of the southern Mediterranean.


 * Treaty of Tordesillas**(AH)-A treaty that divided the Americas between Spain and Portugal. Under this treaty, the eastern side of South America belonged to Portugal and the rest of South America was Spain's.


 * Trading Post Empire**(AH)-An empire such as Portugal's that focused more on controlling small ports than large tracts of land. They were generally less strictly controlled politically than "traditional" land-based empires and instead focused more on economic benefits.


 * Czar**(KM) - The czar was the russian ruler, it was called the czar because it alluded to "Ceasar." The czars were in control of expansion and partly responsible for their vast empire.


 * Technological improvements of Maritime Empires**(KM) - there were three main technological improvements that affected Maritime Empires. **Rudders** were added on a boat which allowed more long range travel. **Improvements in artillery and fortifications** strengthened Navies and allowed for expansion. and the use of **Sea Charts** proved as useful maps to sailors, and led to the discovery of more in-depth map making techniques.


 * Jan van Linschoten**(KM) - was a servant to the Archbishop of Goa. He expirimented with the idea of extending Dutch buisness into the Indian Ocean. His findings led to the first formation of a Joint-Stock Company.


 * Japan Current (ee) pp. 534-** the Japan current allowed for sailors to sail from the west coast of america to the Philippines much easier. it was found after numerous unsuccessful attempts to locate it on an expedition in the year 1564 and 65. it exploited the way winds circulate in the northern pacific.


 * pepper (ee) pp. 535-** it dominated the spice trade. this is because during this time period the cuisine in china and europe used pepper as as a specialty spice. it was used with other spices to take part in the pickling and drying process, preserving food. allowed for direct trade for the portuguese.


 * spice island (ee) pp 535-** located in indonesia, where low bulk, high valued goods, like luxury spices were located. eg. nutmeg and cloves, woods, and mace. the portuguese would attack rival shipping to damage other's trade. forced people into trading here.


 * gulf stream (ee) pp. 534-** the discovery of the gulf streams in 1513 was the last major part of the winds and currents systems in the atlantic. principal routes between europe, africa and the americas for trade. they link the new world to asia, in the pacific.


 * Czar (ee) pp. 546-** the czar was the russian ruler. it was named as an allusion to Caesar. the conquest of Kazan gave the czars control and command over the entire length of the volga river. this was a great corridor of commerce.

Czar Ivan IV- (ee)- called himself the Lord of siberia even though the russians were yet to control siberia. cut a deal with a large dynasty of fur dealers. the stroganoffs. he promised protection for the native people in exchange for their furs. it was taken as a tribute.