Chs.14-15

__IDs from Readings__:


 * millenarianism** (Audrey) – Armesto puts it as “the doctrine that in an imminent, divinely contrived relaunch of history, God would empower the poor” (459). Through the plague, many died and the poor were able to move up in the social hierarchy, in turn, “empower[ing] the poor.”
 * ecological imperialism** (Audrey) – Armesto puts it as “the sweeping environmental changes European imperialists introduced in regions they colonized” or that “the key to success in large-scale state-building lay in combining diverse regions and exploiting the complementary products of contrasting ecosystems.” (489). This applies to some of the Native American empires because they had multiple climates creating an environment that could have different crops flourishing at different times.
 * microclimates** (Audrey) – The Native American had microclimates or “environmentally diverse empires” (489). These created stability in their empires because if one crop was not growing, they could have another crop from a different environment. Microclimates were created when “abrupt mountains multiplied [the] microclimates, where sun, wind, and rain hit different slopes in different ways” (489).
 * cultural fault line** (Audrey) – The cultural fault line is “the line of the Elbe and northern Danube Rivers and the lands between” (513). To the west of the cultural fault line, the land was under populated, therefore, laborers could request higher wages. To the west of the cultural fault line, the under population led to the landowners’ creation of harsher rules for the peasants.
 * humanism** (Audrey) – Humanism was a new form of learning during the Renaissance. It put humans in the center and it “scrutinized the language of the Bible and the historical traditions of the church” (516). It helped “artists adopt realism and perspective from what they thought were Greek and Roman models” (516).
 * chivalry** (Audrey) – Chivalry was not what it had been, it did not “make men good” (516), however it helped the men to win wars. It used to be considered as // a way to make something like warfare seem less severe while still exhibiting favorable values, but in the Renaissance it was just a name to put towards the act of winning wars. A chivalrous hero, in the Renaissance, was expected to “[take] to the sea, [conquer] an island, [marry] a princess, and [become] a ruler” (517). //


 * Bubonic Plague(BA)**: a rat-borne disease that was thought to have been one of the reasons for the plague. Fleas on the rats transmitted the disease to humans.(449)
 * Flagellants(BA)**( Thousands of penitents inspired by the Black Death organized cults of self-flagellation across Europe to deflect God's wrath. Flagellants thought their penance was a form of baptism, but the King of France soon banned flagellation.(454)
 * The Renaissance****(BA)**- The civilization of classical antiquity was reborn. A change in Europe where the Dark Ages came to an end and a new era of came forth. The Renaissance played a role in the political, social, and economic structure of Europe. There was also the rise of humanism, classicism, realism, Individualism, secularism, idealism and Christianity, as well as other art techniques.(14th cent.)(pg. 513)
 * Anti-Semitism(BA)-** Jews were persecuted during the time of the plague because people thought they were the cause of the Black Death. It was thought that Jews posioned wells causing others to get sick. Many Jews were slaughtered and burned;however, Pope Clement the VI declared Jews innocent and excommunicated those who harmed them.(456)
 * Tribute System(BA)-** The Aztec Empire had a tribute system where tributary communities would would provide various goods for the government. The tribute demonstrated the power and ecological diversity of the tributary communities in the Empire. From different regions various thing were supplied like feathers, jaguar pelts, jade, and other necessities as well as luxuries.(493)
 * Janissaries(BA)-** Groups of Muslim raised male child servants who formed the elite corpse of the armed forces. Servants for the states were provided due to Janissaries.(502)


 * Ottomans (AB)- pg.476** The Mongol kingdom died out in 1343 when the last Il-Khan passed away. Russia became free of the empire's control and a new Turk- ruled kingdom from Anatolia formed called the Ottoman state. This state's headquarters was in Bursa, an old Byzantine city. The new state took control over the Byzantine Empire and traded with Genoa, a city in Italy. In the 1300s, they extended into the Mediterranean by forming a navy.
 * Kaffa (AB)- pg. 451** A North Italian lawyer documented that the plague which the Mongols brought to Europe. The army of the Mongolians laid siege to Kaffa, a Genoese colony for trade in Crimea where Silk Roads and Volga Valley came together. The army was killed by the thousands each day because of the Mongols' transmission of the plague.
 * Ibn Battuta (AB)- pg. 453-454** Ibn Battuta was a traveler to the Middle East who observed the effects of the Black Death in the area while returning to Cairo. He recorded the death count in Damascus, Syria to be 2,400 a day when he came to the area in May 1348. Ibn Battuta's mother passed away in Morocco when the Black Death spread to the area in North Africa and killed 1,000 people.
 * Free Peasantry (AB)- pg. 458** Peasants who survived the Black Death in Europe were allowed to own their own piece of land because landowners divided their holdings with workers. The peasants simply paid rent and worked the land as they saw fit, which worked because it increased the productivity of the land.
 * Capitalism (AB)- pg. 461** When free peasantry and a system of tenants came about, West Europe was able to create a system of rural capitalism. Because of this new system, families could become wealthy and become higher members of society than before when they were almost stuck with a certain social status and wage. Families were able to do so by purchasing education, more land or business opportunities.
 * Enclosure (AB)**- (The West Reborn: The Renaissance) In Europe after the Middle Ages, people stopped preparing their land for food and instead enclosing it to make a sheep pasture. This increased wool production necessitated fewer jobs (only shepherds instead of peasants) and brought in a better income for the landowner. It created more variety in the cloth making business with wools, linens, silks and other materials. The peasants who no longer had jobs because of enclosure came to be known as "sturdy beggars" (since they were physically capable of doing labor.)

Armesto pp. 448-454 (Audrey, Brittany)

Armesto pp. 454-461 (Peter, Harrison)

Esler pp. 210-217 ("Apocalypse") packet (Allison, Kevin)

Armesto pp. 475-478 (Dane)

Armesto pp. 489-494 (Amy, Thanasis)

David Stannard excerpt from __American Holocaust__ (Thomas)
 * TENOCHTITLAN-EMILY-** stood in the middle of a lake about 5000 ft above sea level. the land was not able to allow the growth of staples of mesoamerican life or the luxuries demanded by the rich. they only had two choices, poverty or welfare. the city/ aztec empire collected tribute. it directly ruled 22 communities.

Armesto pp. 513-518 (Dane, Audrey)
 * PRINCE HENRY-EMILY-** was a typical chivalrous hero. he was a Portuguese prince. he was traditionally misrepresented as a navigator motivated by scientific curiosity. he imagined himself as a romantic hero, destined to win a kingdom of his own. he never went exploring.

Armesto pp. 621-625 (Harrison, Amy) RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY-EMILY-** it arose from the splitting and mingling of religions in the 16th century. the world became more secular. people became less committed to faith, and began to be friends with their neighbors of different religions.
 * Bartolome de las Casas-EMILY- mid 16th century spanish bishop. was the loudest spokesperson to make the definition for humankind to include native americans. he was a convert to conscience. he was similar to a professional lobbyist. he believed that "all the peoples of mankind are human."

Thomas, Allison, Kevin, Mariano, Brittany, Peter


 * PRINCELY COURT-EMILY-** Renaissance princes governed through both formal and informal institutions. The central institutions of early modern government was the informal gathering of power brokers and cronies.


 * CONDOTTIERE-EMILY-** the head of one faction or a hired mercenary commander, that might seize power.